Sabtu, 02 Januari 2021

...

ujung cerita?

akhir ceirta?

ataukah awal cerita

ntahlah aku tak tau,

aku mencintaimu, 

aku menyayangimu

aku tak mau kehilangan mu

aku ingin memelukmu dari kejauhan

izinkan aku untuk sekali ini saja


apakah ini fase tertinggi mencintai?

mencintai yang tak harus memiliki?

mencintai yang harus merelakan


aku ingin menjagamu

aku ingin berada di sampingmu, saat waktu itu tiba hingga akhir tua kita


sekali lagi aku mencintaimu













Kamis, 12 Desember 2019

Random Feelings

Ingin menyapa
tapi enggan
Ingin berbagi cerita
tapi enggan
Gak bisa mengungkapkan dengan kata
Ujung-ujungnya perempuan hanya bisa menangis
Menangis yang gak tau apa ujungnya

Cemburu juga gak berhak
Aku siapa?
Kamu siapa?

Ntahlah ini takdir perempuan atau bagaimana
Mudah sekali cemburu
Menjadi perempuan dewasa seutuhnya....
Masih menjadi angan-anganku





December, 12. 2019

Sabtu, 26 Oktober 2019

I hope~

Berjuang bersama
Mengerti bagaimana aku dan kamu
Menjadi kita
Rasa ini dibangun karena saling menyempurnakan

Setiap kata yang aku ucap
Itu kejujuranku
Setiap kata yang aku tulis
Itu ungkapan perasaanku
Setiap perjuangan yang aku lakukan
Itu karena rasa ini ada

Rasa ini indah
Harapan agar bisa menjadi akhir bahagia
Perjuangkanlah
Karena waktu yang telah lalu tak bisa dikembalikan



October 27.

Jumat, 25 Oktober 2019

Tak mau kalah karena perasaan

Salam ke dia yang tak perlu disampaikan

Waktu berlalu
Yang ditunggu tak kunjung datang
Waktu yang salah
Berjuang sendirian tak sebercanda itu
Logika mengalahkan perasaan
Enggan kembali
Tetap menunggu
Semua tak berjalan searah
Sudahlah
Abaikan saja
Salam dariku untuk mu
Rasa rindu? Sudah pasti

Melalui temanmu ku sampaikan
Dan salamku tak perlu disampaikan kepadamu.

Aku tak mau kalah karena perasaan.



Friday, Oct 25.

Minggu, 26 Mei 2019

sebuah perihal


Perihal hidup  adalah tentang belajar
Belajar memahami dan mengerti
Belajar ikhlas dan menerima
Keberhasilan belajarpun  tergantung bagaimana kita melewati proses tersebut

Perihal piihan adalah sebuah keyakinan
Yakin masih ada waktu setelah detik ini
Yakin semua yang terjadi bagian dari pelajaran

Perihal rasa adalah tentang bagaimana keadaan itu terjadi
sedih dan menangis, bahagia dan tersenyum
Keadaan di mana kamu memilih memperumit atau tidak
Keadaan di mana kamu menghargai waktu, dan dia yang telah percaya kamu
Rasa bisa muncul kapan saja
Dan lama kelamaan akan memudar ketika kamu mempersilahkannya pergi

Perihal melupakan adalah bagaimana kamu berjuang
Mesti berlari atau berjalan?
Cepat atau lambat kamu akan tiba di titik finish
Titik di mana kamu menemukan fase keikhlasan

Pejamkan mata rasakan kebahagiaan yang bermuara dari dirimu sendiri
Jangan memperumit keadaan, yang hanya bisa membuat dirimu gelisah
Yakinlah semua akan baik-baik saja

17 ramadan 1440

Citra-

Minggu, 21 Oktober 2018

Temukan jarak

Sang waktu
Belajarlah bersabar
Sang jarak
Belajarlah berjuang

Masih mencoba menemui titik kesabaran itu
Menyakinkan hati tidak mudah
Menerima kenyataan untuk saat ini
Pilihan bersabar atau bersahabat
Semua sama saja

Cerita yang aku simpan begitu banyak
Aku ingin kita bercerita
melihat senyummu masih menjadi impian
Aku ingin kita tertawa
melihat tawamu masih menjadi harapan

Temukan jarak~


October 21, 2018

Kamis, 30 Agustus 2018

Fase meninggalkan

Akan ada saatnya aku pergi
Meninggalkanmu,
Tau mana fase tak dihargai
Melupakanmu,

Mimpiku sirna
Matahariku sengit sekali
Senjaku menghilang
Senyumku memudar

Saatnya aku pamit
Baik-baik di sana
Aku selalu mendoakanmu
Selamat berbahagia


Minggu, 22 April 2018

Jika bersama


Menggapai mimpi
Berjuang ke titik tertinggi
Membuatku tenang
Jika bersama

Hembusan udara senja
Seperti angin yang terasa
Kita bisa tetap di sini
Jika bersama

Membuat kita bahagia
Senyum terpancar
Untuk pergipun enggan
Jika bersama



April 22, 2018

Sabtu, 07 April 2018

untuk saat ini dan selamanya

untuk saat ini
penyesalan hanyalah sebuah kata
untuk saat ini
tak ada satupun yang bisa merubahnya
untuk saat ini
aku belajar menerima
untuk saat ini
menerima apa yang telah Allah tetapkan
untuk saat ini dan selamanya
teruslah menjadi pribadi yang lebih baik




April 7, 2018
 

Jumat, 30 Maret 2018

Harap dan temu

Harapan....
Kuputuskan menunggu dalam kepastian
Janji hati siap menerima apapun
Jika memang bertemu
Berdoalah
Sang maha pemilik hati yang memutuskan

Temu...
Kusetia menunggu
Sampaikan rindu tertuju kepada pemilik hati
Jika janjiNYA benar
Bersyukurlah
Sang maha pemilik hati yang memutuskan

Kamis, 26 Januari 2017

hey mimpi

Hey mimpi setiap kali yang datang pasti kamu
Hey mimpi malam ini kamu ada di hadapanku
Hey mimpi malam ini kamu terlihat bahagia
Hey mimpi malam ini kenapa kamu seolah tak mengenaliku lagi
Hey mimpi aku ingin menyapamu ketika kamu ada dihadapanku
Hey mimpi aku ingin menanyakan kabarmu
Hey mimpi aku ingin menghapus lelahmu
Hey mimpi aku ingin memberikan puisi puisi ku yang telah aku buat untukmu
Hey mimpi aku ingin bersamamu membaca puisi itu
Hey mimpi aku ingin membuka lembaran kerangka novel yang dulu pernah  ingin kita ciptakan
Hey mimpi apa kamu masih ingat sama semua ini
Hey mimpi percayalah aku akan selalu mengingatnya
Hey mimpi masih ingatkah kata kata ini "bersama awan ku merasa tenang, bersama langit ku merasa nyaman"



Semoga bahagia😊

Rabu, 16 September 2015

Abu Cinta

Dibalik tembok aku berdiri Menatapmu saja aku enggan
Melihatmu, jiwa ini menangis
Menahan rindu yg terpendam

Andai saja kamu bisa ngerasain
Aku disini terlihat seperti baik-baik saja?
Tidak... Aku disini tidak seperti yang kamu lihat
Aku disini menunggu
Menunggu kehadiranmu lagi
Kamu kemana
Aku kangen
Sumpah kangen

Perasaan yang kupendam kini haruskah aku menguburnya kembali?
Iya?
Menguburnya lalu membakarnya
Hingga ia menjadi abu
Abu yg nantinya berterbangan kemanapun ia mau

Kamu siap melihat abu cinta itu?




  

(Citra, 21yo)


Senin, 12 November 2012

MID TEST ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I, 13 NOVEMBER 2012


1. a.  explain how the concept of organic compounds from petroleum can be used for vehicles such as car, motor bike, including aircraft
b. explain it how the idea of chemical compounds from petroleumcan be used to make clothing and plastic and material needs of other human lives
Answer : 
a. Organic compounds from petroleum can be used for vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, including aircraft
Petroleum, along with oil and coal, are classified as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are formed when sea plants and animals die, and still be buried under several thousand feet of mud, sand or mud. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form oil and therefore is also considered a non-renewable energy sources.

Formed by the hydrocarbon oil (hydrocarbon is a compound composed of carbon and hydrogen) with the addition of certain other substances, especially sulfur. The oil in its natural form when first collected usually called crude oil, and can be clear, green or black and can be as thin or thick as tar gasoline.
Crude oil or commonly called crude oil is viscous black liquid and smelled dreadful, which in addition to containing impurities, it also contains minerals that dissolve in water.

These oils can not be used for fuel or other necessities, but must go through processing first. Crude oil contains about 500 types of hydrocarbons with the number of carbon atoms 1-50. In principle, petroleum processing is done in two steps, namely desalting and distillation.

A. Desalting
Desalting process is a process of salt removal is done by mixing oil with water, the goal is to dissolve the mineral substances that dissolve in water. In this process also added acids and bases in order to eliminate compounds other than hydrocarbons. After going through the desalting process, then the next oil will undergo the process of distillation.

B. Distillation
Crude oil that has gone through the process of desalting then processed further by distillation rise, which means the separation of a mixture based on differences in boiling point. Fractions obtained from the distillation process is stratified hydrocarbon mixture boiling on the interval (range) a certain temperature.

Parliamentary faction obtained after the distillation process further processed further by the reforming, polymerization, treating, and blending.
1. Reforming Reforming is a way of changing forms, from straight to branched chain. This process is used to improve the quality of gasoline.
2. Polymerization Polymerization is a way of merging monomer (molekulmolekul simple) molecules become more complex.
3. Treating Treating is the process of removal of dirt on petroleum.
4. Blending Blending is the process of adding additives.
b. Of hydrocarbon material that can be used for clothing is PTA (purified terephthalic acid), which is made of para-xylene in which the material is essentially kerosene (kerosene). Of kerosene is all the material formed into compound Aromat, the para-xylene. Chemical formula you know? The form compounds benzene (C6H6), but there are two methyl groups at C1 and C3 atoms of the benzene molecule.
Para-xylene is then oxidized using air into the PTA (see map above petrochemical processes). PTA shaped like detergent powder is then reacted with methanol into polyester fibers. Fiber poly ester which is the synthetic yarn that looks like a thread. Almost all uniforms brothers use may be made of polyester. To facilitate their identification can be seen from the price. Price clothing made ​​of synthetic polyester yarns are usually relatively cheaper than clothing made from raw cotton, silk or other natural fibers.
Subtlety material made from polyester fibers affected by additive substances (additives) in the process of making yarn (PTA when reacting with methanol). One PTA producers in Indonesia is Pertamina Processing Unit III with the product type and designation here.
Materials everyday life are derived from hydrocarbons in general the form of plastic. Plastic base material similar to LPG, which is a polymer of propylene, are compounds olefin / alkenes of carbon chains C3. Plastic pipes are much diguakan today is PVC (polyvinyl Clorida) and PE (polythene or called polyethylene). Both dihasilkanj synthetically in the industry. Both PVC and PE resistant to heat and not easy to crack because the units constituent molecules strongly intertwined. Of plastic material is then finished an assortment of products ranging from roofs (plastic tiles), furniture, interior equipment, bumper cars, tables, chairs, dishes, etc..


2. Explain why the hydrocarbons that are asymmetrical or chiral have a variety of benefit for human being, and describe how does it the chiral can be formed
Answer : Amino acids in the form of ions is called zwitter ion is amphoteric(can be acid or alkaline). All amino acids except glycine, have an asymmetric C atom or chiral C atom, the C atom that binds to fourdifferent groups (group-H,-COOH,-NH2, and-R). Therefore, all the amino acids (except glycine) are optically active. That is, the compound can rotate the plane of polarization of light.
When chiral molecules (molecules that have a plane of symmetry)reflected, reflection can get just by turning the initial molecule andproduce two identical moleculesBecause he was able to bind to four different atoms bonded, because the atoms are bonded differences that can be dragged other atoms until she has many benefits for humans.


3. When ethylene gas produced from a ripe fruit can be used to ripe other fruits that are still unripe. How do you idea when the gas is used as fuel gas like methane gas
Answer : Ethylene is a plant hormone first in the form of gas. If the fruit is ripe oranges combined with bananas, ripe bananas are faster because oranges emit ethylene gas.
Ethylene is a plant and cause more rapid maturation in many fruits, including bananas. Ethylene formation requires O2 and is inhibited by CO2. All parts of the plant can produce ethylene gas angiosperms. Formation mainly occurs in roots, shoot apical meristem, mode, fall flowers and ripe fruit.
Ethylene gas has an influence on growth and development, including the following.1) Ripening fruit. The traders often store the fruit in containers gassed with CO2 at the time of delivery so that the fruit longer to mature and ripen after destination. Sometimes merchants brood ripe fruit with fresh fruit that mature quickly.2) Gas ethylene inhibits flowering in many plants. However, in some plant species, ethylene stimulates flowering. For example, the mango trees and pineapples.3) Stimulate abscission (defoliation).4) Joint gibberellin determine the expression of the genital organs of plants, such as the cucumber.
What is Calcium Carbide (Carbide)?Calcium carbide or carbide is a chemical compound with chemical formula CaC2. Carbide is used in carbide welding process and also to accelerate the maturation of the fruit.Equation for Calcium Carbide with water isCaC2 + 2 H2O → C2H2 + Ca (OH) 2

4. Aromatic compounds are marked by ease of adjacent electrons conjugated. Please explain why an unsaturated compound which highly conjugated but is not aromatic
Answer : In order to be aromatic, all pi electrons must be paired, so it is possible overlapping (overlapping) optimal resulting in delocalization perfect. If siklooktatetraena flat and has a system similar to pi pi system of benzene, the orbital π1, π2, and π3 will be filled with six pi electrons pi.Dua remaining electrons will each occupy degenerate orbitals and π5 π4 (Hund's rule). Then not all the pi electrons will pair up and will not overlap maksimal.Jadi sikooktatetraena will not be aromatic.



Senin, 05 November 2012

ORGANIC ACIDS

Organic acids are organic compounds that have a degree of acidity (English: acidic properties). The most common organic acids are the alkanoic acid having acidity with carboxyl-COOH, and sulfonic acid group-SO2OH the acidity has a relatively stronger. Stability is very important to the acid groups and determine the degree of acidity an organic compound. 
In biology, there is an acidic group with low acidity, such as the-OH,-SH, enol group, phenol group. Bio-organic compounds such groups are not classified as organic acids. Examples of these compounds include: lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid. 
Acetic acid, ethanoic acid or acetic acid is an organic acid chemical compounds known as sour flavoring and aroma in food. Acetic acid has the empirical formula C2H4O2. This formula is often written in the form of CH3-COOH, CH3COOH, or CH3CO2H. Pure acetic acid (called glacial acetic acid) is a colorless hygroscopic liquid, and has a freezing point of 16.7 ° C. 
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids, as formic acid. Solution of acetic acid in water is a weak acid, meaning that only partially dissociate into H and CH3COO-ions. Acetic acid is a chemical reagent and industrial raw materials is important. Acetic acid is used in the production of polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate, as well as a wide range of fibers and fabrics. In the food industry, acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used as a water softener. Within a year, world demand for acetic acid to 6.5 million tons per year. 1.5 million tons per year generated from the recycling, the remainder derived from the petrochemical industry as well as from biological sources.

Vinegar (Acetic Acid)
Acetic acid, ethanoic acid or acetic acid is an organic acid chemical compounds known as sour flavoring and aroma in food. Acetic acid has the empirical formula C2H4O2. This formula is often written in the form of CH3-COOH, CH3COOH, or CH3CO2H. Pure acetic acid (called glacial acetic acid) is a colorless hygroscopic liquid, and has a freezing point of 16.7 ° C.
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids, as formic acid. Solution of acetic acid in water is a weak acid, meaning that only partially dissociate into H + and CH3COO-. Acetic acid is a chemical reagent and industrial raw materials is important. Acetic acid is used in the production of polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate, as well as a wide range of fibers and fabrics. In the food industry, acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used as a water softener. Within a year, world demand for acetic acid to 6.5 million tons per year. 1.5 million tons per year generated from the recycling, the remainder derived from the petrochemical industry as well as from biological sources.
Naming
Acetic acid is a trivial name or trade name of this compound, and is the name most recommended by IUPAC. The name is derived from the Latin word acetum, meaning vinegar. Systematic name of this compound is ethanoic acid. Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name that refers to acetic acid which is not mixed with water. So called because water-free acetic acid forms crystals resemble ice at 16.7 ° C, slightly below room temperature.
The most commonly used abbreviations and acronyms merupakat official for acetic acid is AcOH or HOAc where Ac means an acetyl group, CH3-C (= O) -. In the context of acid-base, acetic acid is often abbreviated HAC, though many feel that the abbreviation is not true. Ac also not be confused with the symbol of the element actinium (Ac).
History
Vinegar has been known to humans since ancient times. Vinegar is produced by a variety of bacteria producing acetic acid, and acetic acid is a byproduct of the manufacture of beer or wine.
The use of acetic acid as chemical reagent has also been started long ago. In abat to-3 BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus explains that vinegar reacts with metals to form various dyes, such as white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, which is a green substance mixture of salts containing copper and copper ( II) acetate. The Romans produced sapa, a very sweet syrup, by boiling the wine is sour. Sapa contain lead acetate, a sweet substance also called sugar of lead and sugar of Saturn. Finally, it continues to poisoning with lead by Roman officials.
In the 8th century, Persian scientist Jabir ibn Hayyan produce concentrated acetic acid from vinegar through distillation. During the Renaissance, glacial acetic acid produced from the dry distillation of metal acetates. In the 16th century German alchemist Andreas Libavius ​​explain the procedure, and compared the glacial acetic acid produced the vinegar. Apparently glacial acetic acid has many different properties with a solution of acetic acid in water, and many experts believe that chemicals were two different substances. French chemist Pierre athlete finally prove that the two substances are essentially the same.
In 1847 the German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesized acetic acid from inorganic substances for the first time. Chemical reactions do is chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis into tetrakloroetilena and chlorination to trichloroacetic acid in water, and finally through the electrolytic reduction to acetic acid.
Since 1910 most of the acetic acid produced from piroligneous liquid obtained from the distillation of wood. These fluids reacted with calcium hydroxide producing calcium acetate and then acidified with sulfuric acid produces acetic acid.


Frozen crystals of acetic acid
Chemical properties
Acidity
Hydrogen atoms (H) in the carboxyl group (-COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can be released as H + ions (protons), thus giving the acid. Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid with a value of pKa = 4.8. Conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO-). A 1.0 M solution of acetic acid (approximately equal to the concentration in the vinegar) has a pH of approximately 2.4.

Cyclic dimer
The crystal structure of acetic acid shows that acetic acid molecules form a dimer pairs are linked by hydrogen bonds. Dimers can also be detected in the steam temperature of 120 ° C. Dimers also occur in an aqueous solution in a solvent non-hydrogen-bonded, and sometimes on pure acetic acid. Dimer tampered with the solvent hydrogen bond (eg water). Dimer dissociation enthalpy is estimated 65.0-66.0 kJ / mol, the entropy of dissociation of about 154-157 J mol-1 K-1. [5] The nature of dimerization is also shared by other simple carboxylic acids.
As the solvent
Acetic acid solvent protic liquid is hydrophilic (polar), much like water and ethanol. Acetic acid has a dielectric constant of the medium is 6.2, so that it can dissolve both polar compounds and inorganic salts are like sugar and non-polar compounds such as oils and elements such as sulfur and iodine. Acetic acid bercambur easily with polar or nonpolar solvents such as water, chloroform and hexane. Solubility properties and ease of mixing of acetic acid makes it widely used in the chemical industry.
Chemical reactions
Acetic acid is corrosive to many metals such as iron, magnesium, and zinc, forming hydrogen gas and acetate salts (called metal acetate). Metal acetates can also be obtained by reaction of acetic acid with a suitable base. Famous example is the reaction of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) reacts with vinegar. Hapir all acetate salts dissolve well in water. One exception is chromium (II) acetate. Examples acetate salt formation reactions:
Mg (s) + 2 CH3COOH (aq) → (CH3COO) 2mg (aq) + H2 (g)
NaHCO3 (s) + CH3COOH (aq) → CH3COONa (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Aluminum is a metal that is resistant to corrosion because it forms a layer that protects the aluminum oxide surface. Therefore, acetic acid usually transported with aluminum tanks.
Acetic acid undergo reactions of carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid to produce a salt when react with alkali, producing metal ethanoate when reacting with metals, and produce metal ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide when it reacts with carbonate or bicarbonate salt. The most well-known organic reactions of acetic acid is the formation of ethanol by reduction, the formation of carboxylic acid derivatives such as acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride via nucleophilic substitution. Acetic anhydride is formed through condensation two molecules of acetic acid. Esters of acetic acid can be obtained via Fischer esterification, and also the formation of amides. At a temperature of 440 ° C, acetic acid decomposes into methane and carbon dioxide, or ketene and water.
Detection
Acetic acid can be identified by a distinctive smell. In addition, salts of acetic acid reacts with a solution of iron (III) chloride, which produces a solid red color is lost when the solution is acidified. Acetate salts when heated with arsenic trioxide (AsO3) form kakodil oxide (AsO3) form kakodil oxide ((CH3) 2AS-O-As (CH3) 2), which is easily recognizable with an unpleasant smell.
Acetic acid is produced synthetically or naturally through bacterial fermentation. Now only 10% of the production of acetic acid produced through the natural path, but most of the laws governing the acetic acid found in vinegar should come from biological processes. Of acetic acid produced by the chemical industry, 75% of which is produced by methanol carbonylation. The rest is generated through alternative methods.
Total world production of acetic acid was estimated at 5 Mt / a (million tonnes per year), half of which is produced in the United States. Europe produces about 1 Mt / a and continued to decline, while Japan produced about 0.7 Mt / a. 1:51 Mt / a is produced through recycling, so the total market acetic acid reaches Mt 6:51 / a.Perusahan largest producer of acetic acid are Celanese and BP Chemicals. Other manufacturers are Millennium Chemicals, Sterling Chemicals, Samsung, Eastman, and Svensk Etanolkemi.
Acetic Acid Biosynthesis
Acetic acid is a product of the catabolism of aerobic glycolysis pathway or glucose reshuffle. Pyruvic acid as a product of oxidation of glucose oxidized by NAD + terion then immediately bound by Coenzyme-A. In prokaryotes, this process occurs in the cytoplasm while in eukaryotes takes place in the mitochondria.

Production
1. Carbonylation of methanol
Most pure acetic acid produced by carbonylation. In this reaction, methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid
CH3OH + CO → CH3COOH

The process involves iodomethane as an intermediate, in which the reaction itself occurs in three stages with metal complex catalysts in the second stage.
(1) CH3OH + HI → CH3I + H2O
(2) CH3I + CO → CH3COI
(3) CH3COI + H2O → CH3COOH + HI

If the above reaction conditions arranged in such a way, the process can also be produced as a by-product of acetic anhydride. Methanol carbonylation long been the most promising methods in the production of acetic acid because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials. Henry Dreyfus developing embryo carbonylation of methanol plant at the company Celanese in 1925. [9] However, the lack of practical materials that can be filled with corrosive materials from the reaction at the required pressure of 200 atm cause the method was abandoned for commercial purposes. It was not until 1963 that the first commercial plant using methanol carbonylation was founded by German chemical company, BASF catalysts cobalt (Co). In 1968, it was discovered Rhodium catalyst complexes, cis-[Rh (CO) 2I2] - which can operate optimally at low pressure without byproducts. The first plant using the catalyst was the U.S. chemical company Monsanto in 1970, and Rhodium berkatalis methanol carbonylation method called Monsanto process and a method of production of acetic acid the most dominant. At the end 1990'an, British Petroleum petrochemical companies commercialize Cativa catalyst ([Ir (CO) 2I2] -) which is supported by the ruthenium. Iridium-based process is more efficient and more "green" than the previous method [10], so in lieu of Monsanto.

2. Oxidation of acetaldehyde
Prior to the commercialization of Monsanto process, most acetic acid produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde. Now the oxidation of acetaldehyde is a method of acetic acid production the second most important, though not competitive when compared to the carbonylation of methanol. Acetaldehyde is produced through the oxidation used butane or light naphtha, or the hydration of ethylene. When butene or light naphtha is heated with air along with several metal ions, including manganese ions, cobalt and chromium, peroxides are formed which then decomposes to acetic acid according to the equation below.
2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 4 CH3COOH + 2 H2O

Generally, the reaction is run at a temperature and pressure such that the temperature reached as high as possible namut still liquid butane. Reaction conditions are generally about 150 ° C and 55 atm. Byproducts such as butanone, ethyl acetate, formic acid and propionic acid may also be formed. Products also commercially valuable, and if desired reaction conditions can be modified to produce more by-products, but the separation of acetic acid as an obstacle to cost more.

Through the same conditions and catalyst of acetaldehyde can be oxidized by oxygen in the air produces acetic acid.
2 CH3CHO + O2 → 2 CH3COOH

Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have a yield ratio (yield) is greater than 95%. The main byproducts are ethyl acetate, formic acid and formaldehyde, all of which have lower boiling points than acetic acid so that it can be separated easily by distilas

Use
Acetic acid is used as a chemical reagent to produce a variety of chemical compounds. The majority (40-45%) of acetic acid is used as a material world for the production of vinyl acetate monomer (vinyl acetate monomer, VAM). Addition of acetic acid is also used in the production of acetic anhydride and ester. The use of acetic acid, including the use of the relatively small vinegar.