Organic chemistry is the scientific study of branching chemistry on the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. Organic compounds are constructed mainly by carbon and hydrogen, and may contain other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, halogen and sulfur
history
Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed was initiated in 1828 with the organic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Woehler, who accidentally vaporize a solution of ammonium cyanate NH4OCN.
progress from time to time increased.
Hydrocarbon compounds
Hydrocarbons are the most simple carbon compounds. From the name, hydrocarbon compounds are carbon compounds that are composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. In everyday life we encounter many hydrocarbon compounds, such as kerosene, gasoline, natural gas, plastics and others.
Until now has been known for more than 2 million of hydrocarbons. To facilitate the study of hydrocarbons so much, experts mengolongkan hydrocarbon based arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule.
Based on the arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule, carbon compounds are divided into two major categories, namely compound aliphatic and cyclic compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon compounds chain opens its C and C it allows branched chain. Based on the amount of the bond, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic compounds are divided into saturated and unsaturated.
- The compound is a saturated aliphatic C chain aliphatic compounds it contains only single bonds only. This group is called alkanes.
Examples of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon Properties
Highlights include: a) Physical Properties
b) Chemical Properties Related to chemical reactions.
1) The reactions of the Alkanes
Alkanes considered difficult substances react so-called paraffin which means little affinity. The most important reaction of alkanes is combustion reactions, substitution and cracking (cracking).
Explanation:
a. Combustion
o Complete combustion of alkanes to produce gas CO 2 and water vapor, while the incomplete combustion produces CO gas and water vapor, or soot (carbon particles).
b. Substitution or change
· Atomic H from alkanes can be replaced by other atoms, especially the halogen group.
· Replacement of the H atom by atom or another group called substitution reaction.
· One of the most important substitution reactions of alkanes are halogenated alkanes, namely the replacement of H atoms by halogen atoms, especially chlorine (chlorination).
· Chlorination can occur if the alkane is reacted with chlorine.
c. Cracking or cracking
§ Cracking is breaking the carbon chains into pieces shorter.
§ Cracking can occur when the alkane is heated at high temperature and high pressure without oxygen.
§ This reaction can also be used to make alkenes from alkanes. It can also be used to create hydrogen gas from alkanes.
2) Reactions on Alkenes
o alkenes more reactive than alkanes. This is because the double bond C = C.
o alkene reactions mainly occur at the double bond. Important reactions of alkenes include: combustion reactions, addition and polymerization.
Explanation:
a. Combustion
§ As with alkanes, alkenes low interest flammable. If burned in the open air, alkenes produce more soot than alkanes. This happens because the alkene have higher levels of C than alkanes, so that combustion demands / needs more oxygen.
§ Complete combustion of alkenes produce CO 2 and water vapor.
b. Adducts (addition = saturation)
o The most important reactions of alkenes are addition reactions that bond saturation reactions.
c. Polymerization
· The reaction of incorporation of simple molecules into large molecules.
· Simple molecules called monomers undergo polymerization, while the result is called a polymer.
· Polymerization occurs by addition reactions of alkenes.
· The process can be explained as follows:
ü First open bond that formed the group with two unpaired electrons.
ü unpaired electrons then form a bond between the groups so as to form a chain.
3) reactions on alkyne
o These reactions are similar to the alkyne alkene; to saturate double bonds, requiring alkyne reagent 2 times more than the alkene.
o The most important reactions of alkenes and alkynes are addition reactions with H 2, the addition of the halogen (X 2) and the addition of the acid halide (HX).
o In addition reaction gas HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes and alkynes Markovnikov rules apply, namely:
"If the C atom bonded dual binding of different amounts of H atoms, the atom X will be bound to the atom C a few atoms bind H"
"If the C atom bonded to duplicate the number of H atoms bind together a lot, then the atom X will be bound to C atoms that have the most long-chain C"
The names of hydrocarbon molecules are based on the number of carbon atoms that make up the molecule and the type of bond between them. The prefix of the molecule's name is based on number of carbon atoms. For example, a chain of six carbon atoms would be named hex-.
It would be a good idea to commit this table to memory early in your organic chemistry studies.Organic Hydrocarbon Prefixes
Prefix Number of
Carbon atoms Formula
meth- 1 C
eth- 2 C2
prop- 3 C3
but- 4 C4
pent- 5 C5
hex- 6 C6
hept- 7 C7
oct- 8 C8
non- 9 C9
dec- 10 C10
history
Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed was initiated in 1828 with the organic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Woehler, who accidentally vaporize a solution of ammonium cyanate NH4OCN.
progress from time to time increased.
Hydrocarbon compounds
Hydrocarbons are the most simple carbon compounds. From the name, hydrocarbon compounds are carbon compounds that are composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. In everyday life we encounter many hydrocarbon compounds, such as kerosene, gasoline, natural gas, plastics and others.
Until now has been known for more than 2 million of hydrocarbons. To facilitate the study of hydrocarbons so much, experts mengolongkan hydrocarbon based arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule.
Based on the arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule, carbon compounds are divided into two major categories, namely compound aliphatic and cyclic compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon compounds chain opens its C and C it allows branched chain. Based on the amount of the bond, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic compounds are divided into saturated and unsaturated.
- The compound is a saturated aliphatic C chain aliphatic compounds it contains only single bonds only. This group is called alkanes.
Examples of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon Properties
Highlights include: a) Physical Properties
b) Chemical Properties Related to chemical reactions.
1) The reactions of the Alkanes
Alkanes considered difficult substances react so-called paraffin which means little affinity. The most important reaction of alkanes is combustion reactions, substitution and cracking (cracking).
Explanation:
a. Combustion
o Complete combustion of alkanes to produce gas CO 2 and water vapor, while the incomplete combustion produces CO gas and water vapor, or soot (carbon particles).
b. Substitution or change
· Atomic H from alkanes can be replaced by other atoms, especially the halogen group.
· Replacement of the H atom by atom or another group called substitution reaction.
· One of the most important substitution reactions of alkanes are halogenated alkanes, namely the replacement of H atoms by halogen atoms, especially chlorine (chlorination).
· Chlorination can occur if the alkane is reacted with chlorine.
c. Cracking or cracking
§ Cracking is breaking the carbon chains into pieces shorter.
§ Cracking can occur when the alkane is heated at high temperature and high pressure without oxygen.
§ This reaction can also be used to make alkenes from alkanes. It can also be used to create hydrogen gas from alkanes.
2) Reactions on Alkenes
o alkenes more reactive than alkanes. This is because the double bond C = C.
o alkene reactions mainly occur at the double bond. Important reactions of alkenes include: combustion reactions, addition and polymerization.
Explanation:
a. Combustion
§ As with alkanes, alkenes low interest flammable. If burned in the open air, alkenes produce more soot than alkanes. This happens because the alkene have higher levels of C than alkanes, so that combustion demands / needs more oxygen.
§ Complete combustion of alkenes produce CO 2 and water vapor.
b. Adducts (addition = saturation)
o The most important reactions of alkenes are addition reactions that bond saturation reactions.
c. Polymerization
· The reaction of incorporation of simple molecules into large molecules.
· Simple molecules called monomers undergo polymerization, while the result is called a polymer.
· Polymerization occurs by addition reactions of alkenes.
· The process can be explained as follows:
ü First open bond that formed the group with two unpaired electrons.
ü unpaired electrons then form a bond between the groups so as to form a chain.
3) reactions on alkyne
o These reactions are similar to the alkyne alkene; to saturate double bonds, requiring alkyne reagent 2 times more than the alkene.
o The most important reactions of alkenes and alkynes are addition reactions with H 2, the addition of the halogen (X 2) and the addition of the acid halide (HX).
o In addition reaction gas HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes and alkynes Markovnikov rules apply, namely:
"If the C atom bonded dual binding of different amounts of H atoms, the atom X will be bound to the atom C a few atoms bind H"
"If the C atom bonded to duplicate the number of H atoms bind together a lot, then the atom X will be bound to C atoms that have the most long-chain C"
The names of hydrocarbon molecules are based on the number of carbon atoms that make up the molecule and the type of bond between them. The prefix of the molecule's name is based on number of carbon atoms. For example, a chain of six carbon atoms would be named hex-.
It would be a good idea to commit this table to memory early in your organic chemistry studies.Organic Hydrocarbon Prefixes
Prefix Number of
Carbon atoms Formula
meth- 1 C
eth- 2 C2
prop- 3 C3
but- 4 C4
pent- 5 C5
hex- 6 C6
hept- 7 C7
oct- 8 C8
non- 9 C9
dec- 10 C10
why do we need to study organic chemistry? and what are the benefits in our lives?
BalasHapusok.. i'll try to answer
BalasHapusIn my opinion Organic compounds permeate our daily lives in an unfathomable number of ways. Organic compounds play an essential role in such diverse fields as genetics, materials science, nutrition, kinesiology and consumer products development. Each of these fields depends one way or another on our ability to make organic compounds (naturally or otherwise), the knowledge of which rests on an understanding of the fundamentals of structure and reactivity. It is becoming clearer daily that many of the biological processes that sustain human life can be viewed in the light of the elementary steps of organic chemistry
We know that the burning of organic compounds are carbon dioxide and water, so that his fire burning produces no flame color.
HapusQuestion: Why is the blue flame of LPG (kompor gas) ? While we know LPG is a mixture of butane and propane which are both organic compounds.
Sony i'll help Citra to answer ur question
BalasHapusafter searching from many resources
the answer is gas burner produces a blue flame as oxygen quickly combines self help flame, so that the more concentrated oxygen, another factor is that there are some around gas flames that have a compound equation. The same compound is also automatically produce the same color blue, some of the gas compounds can indeed produce different colors. Do you recall about farting? In some cartoons depict that of fart gas is blue, the visualization is indeed true because the methane gas contained in a fart in fact blue. That is the reason why the color of the flame produced by a gas stove blue. Anyway, you remember not the same Blue Gas? Gas derived from manure? required in blue methane gas is actually its not animal waste
pertamanya tetep, permisi mbak and mas,, mw tanya ni..
BalasHapusfirst Why molecule methyl butyrate (CH3CH2CH2C = OCH3) smelled like apples while molecular propyl acetate (CH3C = OCH2CH2CH3) containing atoms of the same smells like peaches. Explain this fact! then....
One of the properties is the lack of alkane solution in water. It deals with the interactions between the molecules. When the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ruptured near the coast of Alaska, oil (mostly consisting of Alkanes) spill was not soluble in water but float on the surface. Explain this fact from the interaction between molecules and molecular properties of alkanes and water!
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help me to answer the question please.. :)