Chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with the organism. Organic compounds, which are compounds associated with life processes, is the subject of organic chemistry. Among the various types of organic compounds, four main categories were found in all living things: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrate
Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as an energy source. In addition, some carbohydrates into structural material. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom hydrogen atom ratio is 2:1.
Simple carbohydrates, often referred to as sugar, can be a monosaccharide if they consisted of a single molecule, or if they disaccharide composed of two molecules. The most important is the monosaccharide glucose, carbohydrates with molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the basic form of the fuel in living things. It is soluble and transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release energy. Glucose is the starting material for cell respiration, and is the main product of photosynthesis.
Three important disaccharides are also found in living things: maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Maltose is a combination of two glucose units linked covalently. Sucrose table sugar glucose formed by connecting another monosaccharide called fructose. (Figure 1 shows that in the synthesis of sucrose, a molecule produced water dehydration process is therefore called a .. reversal of this process is hydrolysis, a process in which molecules were divided and water elements are added.) Lactose is composed of units of glucose and galactose .
Complex carbohydrates known as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed by connecting monosaccharides countless. Among the most important polysaccharides are starch, which consists of hundreds or thousands of glucose units linked to each other. Starch serves as a storage form for carbohydrates. Most of the human population of the world meet its energy needs with rice starch, wheat, corn, and potatoes.
Two other important polysaccharides are glycogen and cellulose. Glycogen is also made up of thousands of glucose units, but the units are bound in a different pattern than the starch. Glycogen is the form in which glucose is stored in the human heart. Cellulose is used primarily as structural carbohydrates. It is also composed of glucose units, but the units can not be separated from each other except for a few species of organisms. Wood is mainly composed of cellulose, such as plant cell walls. Cotton cloth and paper commercial cellulose products.
Protein
Protein, one of the most complex of all organic compounds, which are composed of amino acids (see Figure 3), which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Certain amino acids also have atomic sulfur, phosphorus, or other elements such as iron or copper.
Many proteins are very large in size and very complex. However, all of these proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids are relatively simple. There are 20 types of amino acids. Each amino acid (see illustration left in Figure 3) has an amino (NH2-) groups, carboxyl (-COOH) group, and a group of atoms called a-R group (where R stands for a radical). Amino acids differ depending on the nature of R-groups, as shown in the middle image Figure 3. Examples of the amino acids alanine, valine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine.
Removal of water molecules linking amino acids to form proteins. This process is called dehydration synthesis, and is a byproduct of the synthesis of water. Link forged bonds between amino acids are peptides, and small proteins are called peptides.
All living things depend on protein for their existence. Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are built. Certain proteins are dissolved or suspended in a watery substance cells, while others are incorporated into a variety of cell structures. Protein is also found as a supporting and strengthening the network outside the cell. Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and all are composed of protein.
One important use is in the construction of protein enzymes. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that occur in a cell. They are not used in the reaction, but, they are still available to catalyze the reaction successfully.
Each species produces a protein that is unique to the species. Information for this unique synthesis of proteins located in the cell nucleus. Called genetic code determines the order of amino acids in proteins. Therefore, the genetic codes regulate chemicals that occur in cells. Protein can also serve as a backup source of energy for cells. When the amino group is removed from an amino acid, the resulting compounds are energy rich.
Nucleic acid
Such as proteins, nucleic acids are very large molecules. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a carbohydrate molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule that is due to the nature of the nitrogenous bases.
Living organisms have two nucleic acids are important. One type is deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. The other is ribonucleic acid, or RNA. DNA is found primarily in the cell nucleus, whereas RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, semi-liquid substance that forms the base of the cell.
DNA and RNA differ from each other in their components. DNA containing carbohydrate deoxyribose, whereas RNA has ribose. In addition, DNA contains the base thymine, while RNA has uracil
Carbon is essential for life because of several reasons:
It can form a strong stable (typically nonpolar) covalent bonds
It can contain up to 4 chemical bonds
It can form double bonds
Organic compounds are often formed Polymers
Long chains of smaller molecules (not atoms) called monomers, bind to form large macromolecules.
Carbohydrate
Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as an energy source. In addition, some carbohydrates into structural material. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom hydrogen atom ratio is 2:1.
Simple carbohydrates, often referred to as sugar, can be a monosaccharide if they consisted of a single molecule, or if they disaccharide composed of two molecules. The most important is the monosaccharide glucose, carbohydrates with molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the basic form of the fuel in living things. It is soluble and transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release energy. Glucose is the starting material for cell respiration, and is the main product of photosynthesis.
Three important disaccharides are also found in living things: maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Maltose is a combination of two glucose units linked covalently. Sucrose table sugar glucose formed by connecting another monosaccharide called fructose. (Figure 1 shows that in the synthesis of sucrose, a molecule produced water dehydration process is therefore called a .. reversal of this process is hydrolysis, a process in which molecules were divided and water elements are added.) Lactose is composed of units of glucose and galactose .
Complex carbohydrates known as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed by connecting monosaccharides countless. Among the most important polysaccharides are starch, which consists of hundreds or thousands of glucose units linked to each other. Starch serves as a storage form for carbohydrates. Most of the human population of the world meet its energy needs with rice starch, wheat, corn, and potatoes.
Two other important polysaccharides are glycogen and cellulose. Glycogen is also made up of thousands of glucose units, but the units are bound in a different pattern than the starch. Glycogen is the form in which glucose is stored in the human heart. Cellulose is used primarily as structural carbohydrates. It is also composed of glucose units, but the units can not be separated from each other except for a few species of organisms. Wood is mainly composed of cellulose, such as plant cell walls. Cotton cloth and paper commercial cellulose products.
Protein
Protein, one of the most complex of all organic compounds, which are composed of amino acids (see Figure 3), which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Certain amino acids also have atomic sulfur, phosphorus, or other elements such as iron or copper.
Many proteins are very large in size and very complex. However, all of these proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids are relatively simple. There are 20 types of amino acids. Each amino acid (see illustration left in Figure 3) has an amino (NH2-) groups, carboxyl (-COOH) group, and a group of atoms called a-R group (where R stands for a radical). Amino acids differ depending on the nature of R-groups, as shown in the middle image Figure 3. Examples of the amino acids alanine, valine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine.
Removal of water molecules linking amino acids to form proteins. This process is called dehydration synthesis, and is a byproduct of the synthesis of water. Link forged bonds between amino acids are peptides, and small proteins are called peptides.
All living things depend on protein for their existence. Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are built. Certain proteins are dissolved or suspended in a watery substance cells, while others are incorporated into a variety of cell structures. Protein is also found as a supporting and strengthening the network outside the cell. Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and all are composed of protein.
One important use is in the construction of protein enzymes. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that occur in a cell. They are not used in the reaction, but, they are still available to catalyze the reaction successfully.
Each species produces a protein that is unique to the species. Information for this unique synthesis of proteins located in the cell nucleus. Called genetic code determines the order of amino acids in proteins. Therefore, the genetic codes regulate chemicals that occur in cells. Protein can also serve as a backup source of energy for cells. When the amino group is removed from an amino acid, the resulting compounds are energy rich.
Nucleic acid
Such as proteins, nucleic acids are very large molecules. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a carbohydrate molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule that is due to the nature of the nitrogenous bases.
Living organisms have two nucleic acids are important. One type is deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. The other is ribonucleic acid, or RNA. DNA is found primarily in the cell nucleus, whereas RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, semi-liquid substance that forms the base of the cell.
DNA and RNA differ from each other in their components. DNA containing carbohydrate deoxyribose, whereas RNA has ribose. In addition, DNA contains the base thymine, while RNA has uracil
Carbon is essential for life because of several reasons:
It can form a strong stable (typically nonpolar) covalent bonds
It can contain up to 4 chemical bonds
It can form double bonds
Organic compounds are often formed Polymers
Long chains of smaller molecules (not atoms) called monomers, bind to form large macromolecules.
Question : carbohydrate formed by a number of C atoms (carbon) polyhydroxy group-containing carbohydrate found keisomer In optics, because of the asymmetry of carbon, carbohydrates are what causes the asymmetry of the carbon atom?
BalasHapusi will try to answer yours, and so much sorry if my answer doesn't fit at least. carbohydrates that have an asymmetric carbon atom is an atom carbohydrate binding its C 4 different groups, such as Aldosa and ketosa have asymmetric C atom can bind 4 kinds of substituent is-CHO,-OH,-CH2OH and-H.
BalasHapusI'll try to answer your questions. sorry if the answers do not satisfy you. The presence of C asymmetry causes carbohydrate molecules are optically active, ie able to rotate plane of polarized light. Carbohydrates are also present on keisomeran optics, molecules of identical composition but different orientation in space and optical activity. The simplest carbohydrates are found in nature contains three C atoms called trioses. If the aldehyde group called aldotriosa (HOCH2-CHOH-CHO) and ketones, and the group called ketotriosa (HOCH2-CO-CH2OH).
BalasHapus